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Kingdom Monera
is divided into two groups: Eubacteria (true bacteria) and Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Eubacteria:
The kingdom Eubacteria includes about 4,000 species of unicellular prokaryotes, commonly called bacteria (“prokaryotes”)

Characteristic:
-no internal compartments
-all have the same kind of lipid in
their cell membranes
-and a particular kind of compound in
their cell wall
-genetic material is not bound by a nuclear
envelop = no chromosome, instead it's a
single circular loop of DNA
-includes species that normally live in and
on your skin
-some cause diseases
-are essential to life
-omnipresent, occurring in all
environments
-grouped by the nature of cell wall, shape,
and type of metabolism
-classified according to whether o. not they absorb Gram stain (G. negative/positive)
-autotrophic (make own food)
or heterotrophic (energy from organic
molecules made by other organism)
-decomposers: feed on dead organic matter
and release nutrients locked in dead
tissues =secrete enzymes that causes the
breakdown of organic matter in dead
organism +their wastes
=> alternative name: “sapobe” (“rotten”)
-other heterotrophs:parasites(-> pathogens)
-5 phyla: Cyanobacteria, Spirochetes,
Gram- positive bacteria, Proteobacteria,
Chlamydia

Shapes:
-Ø: 1mm-10mm long, ~0.7mm-1.5mm wide
-3 basic shapes: bacilli (rods), cocci (spheres), spirilla (spirals, or corkscrews)
Reproduction:
-asexual, by binary fission: 1kind is
budding
.genetic variation, 4 methods:
mutation: by pure chance
transformation: “picking up” genes from
the environment
conjugation: transferring genes from one
bacterium to another, by c. bridges
transduction: “ by viruses













Cyanobacteria:

Characteristic:
- autotrophic
-live in aquatic environments
-contain chlorophyll a, phycocyanin (blue),
phycoerythrin (red)
-only ~1/2 of C. are actually blue-green
-many range in color from brown to olive
green
-exist mostly as colonies and filaments,
sometimes as single cell
-produce gelatinous capsules to keep them
near the water surface (most sunlight)
-cells are prokaryotic but reveal a
considerable level of complexity
-actually, the entire photosynthetic cell is
comparable to a eukaryotic chloroplast
Beggiatoa
-named after the Italian medic and botanist F.S. Beggiato
-a genus of bacteria in the order Thiatrichales
-live in sulfur rich environments, marine or freshwater environments, with high
levels of hydrogen sulfide
-colorless cells
-disk-shaped or cylindrical, arranged in long filaments
-filaments are sourrounded by slime and can move by gliding
-cell diameter: 12-160mm
- a massive central vacuole is used for accumulation of nitrate
-can cause settling problems in sewage treatment plants, industrial waste lagoons
in canning, paper pulping, brewing, milling, causing the phenomenon called
"bulking"
-are also able to detoxify hydrogen sulfide in soil
-can grow chemoorgano-heterophically by oxidizing organic compunds to CO₂
in the presents of oxygen
-marine autotrophic Beggiatoa species are able to oxidize intracellular sulfur to
sulfate → a survive strategy to bridge periods without oxygen
Thiomargarita namibiensis
- name is formed from Greek θειον (theion) = sulfur, and Latin margarita = pearl.
→ a reference to the fact that the bacterium-chains have the appearance of a thin string pears; the species name namibiensis indicates its origin in Namibia
-gram-negative coccoid Proteo bacterium
-found in the ocean sediments of the cióntinental shelf of Namibia
-the largest bacterium ever dicovered
-generally 0.1-0.3 mm wide, but sometimes up to 0.75 mm
-discovered by Heide N. Schulz and others in 1977, in the coastal sediments of
Walvis Bay (Namibia)
-no other speciea in the genus of Thiomargarita
-the metbolism
make them
appear like
pearls
Thiomargarita namibiensis,
collecting nitrate and oxygen
in water above the bottom in
case of being resuspended and
collecting sulfide in the sediments