Kingdom Monera
is divided into two groups: Eubacteria (true bacteria) and Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Eubacteria:
The kingdom Eubacteria includes about 4,000 species of unicellular prokaryotes, commonly called bacteria (“prokaryotes”)
Characteristic:
-no internal compartments
-all have the same kind of lipid in
their cell membranes
-and a particular kind of compound in
their cell wall
-genetic material is not bound by a nuclear
envelop = no chromosome, instead it's a
single circular loop of DNA
-includes species that normally live in and
on your skin
-some cause diseases
-are essential to life
-omnipresent, occurring in all
environments
-grouped by the nature of cell wall, shape,
and type of metabolism
-classified according to whether o. not they absorb Gram stain (G. negative/positive)
-autotrophic (make own food)
or heterotrophic (energy from organic
molecules made by other organism)
-decomposers: feed on dead organic matter
and release nutrients locked in dead
tissues =secrete enzymes that causes the
breakdown of organic matter in dead
organism +their wastes
=> alternative name: “sapobe” (“rotten”)
-other heterotrophs:parasites(-> pathogens)
-5 phyla: Cyanobacteria, Spirochetes,
Gram- positive bacteria, Proteobacteria,
Chlamydia
Shapes:
-Ø: 1mm-10mm long, ~0.7mm-1.5mm wide
-3 basic shapes: bacilli (rods), cocci (spheres), spirilla (spirals, or corkscrews)
Reproduction:
-asexual, by binary fission: 1kind is
budding
.genetic variation, 4 methods:
mutation: by pure chance
transformation: “picking up” genes from
the environment
conjugation: transferring genes from one
bacterium to another, by c. bridges
transduction: “ by viruses
Cyanobacteria:
Characteristic:
- autotrophic
-live in aquatic environments
-contain chlorophyll a, phycocyanin (blue),
phycoerythrin (red)
-only ~1/2 of C. are actually blue-green
-many range in color from brown to olive
green
-exist mostly as colonies and filaments,
sometimes as single cell
-produce gelatinous capsules to keep them
near the water surface (most sunlight)
-cells are prokaryotic but reveal a
considerable level of complexity
-actually, the entire photosynthetic cell is
comparable to a eukaryotic chloroplast
Beggiatoa
-named after the Italian medic and botanist F.S. Beggiato
-a genus of bacteria in the order Thiatrichales
-live in sulfur rich environments, marine or freshwater environments, with high
levels of hydrogen sulfide
-colorless cells
-disk-shaped or cylindrical, arranged in long filaments
-filaments are sourrounded by slime and can move by gliding
-cell diameter: 12-160mm
- a massive central vacuole is used for accumulation of nitrate
-can cause settling problems in sewage treatment plants, industrial waste lagoons
in canning, paper pulping, brewing, milling, causing the phenomenon called
"bulking"
-are also able to detoxify hydrogen sulfide in soil
-can grow chemoorgano-heterophically by oxidizing organic compunds to CO₂
in the presents of oxygen
-marine autotrophic Beggiatoa species are able to oxidize intracellular sulfur to
sulfate → a survive strategy to bridge periods without oxygen
Thiomargarita namibiensis
- name is formed from Greek θειον (theion) = sulfur, and Latin margarita = pearl.
→ a reference to the fact that the bacterium-chains have the appearance of a thin string pears; the species name namibiensis indicates its origin in Namibia
-gram-negative coccoid Proteo bacterium
-found in the ocean sediments of the cióntinental shelf of Namibia
-the largest bacterium ever dicovered
-generally 0.1-0.3 mm wide, but sometimes up to 0.75 mm
-discovered by Heide N. Schulz and others in 1977, in the coastal sediments of
Walvis Bay (Namibia)
-no other speciea in the genus of Thiomargarita
-the metbolism
make them
appear like
pearls
Thiomargarita namibiensis,
collecting nitrate and oxygen
in water above the bottom in
case of being resuspended and
collecting sulfide in the sediments
is divided into two groups: Eubacteria (true bacteria) and Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Eubacteria:
The kingdom Eubacteria includes about 4,000 species of unicellular prokaryotes, commonly called bacteria (“prokaryotes”)
Characteristic:
-no internal compartments
-all have the same kind of lipid in
their cell membranes
-and a particular kind of compound in
their cell wall
-genetic material is not bound by a nuclear
envelop = no chromosome, instead it's a
single circular loop of DNA
-includes species that normally live in and
on your skin
-some cause diseases
-are essential to life
-omnipresent, occurring in all
environments
-grouped by the nature of cell wall, shape,
and type of metabolism
-classified according to whether o. not they absorb Gram stain (G. negative/positive)
-autotrophic (make own food)
or heterotrophic (energy from organic
molecules made by other organism)
-decomposers: feed on dead organic matter
and release nutrients locked in dead
tissues =secrete enzymes that causes the
breakdown of organic matter in dead
organism +their wastes
=> alternative name: “sapobe” (“rotten”)
-other heterotrophs:parasites(-> pathogens)
-5 phyla: Cyanobacteria, Spirochetes,
Gram- positive bacteria, Proteobacteria,
Chlamydia
Shapes:
-Ø: 1mm-10mm long, ~0.7mm-1.5mm wide
-3 basic shapes: bacilli (rods), cocci (spheres), spirilla (spirals, or corkscrews)
Reproduction:
-asexual, by binary fission: 1kind is
budding
.genetic variation, 4 methods:
mutation: by pure chance
transformation: “picking up” genes from
the environment
conjugation: transferring genes from one
bacterium to another, by c. bridges
transduction: “ by viruses
Cyanobacteria:
Characteristic:
- autotrophic
-live in aquatic environments
-contain chlorophyll a, phycocyanin (blue),
phycoerythrin (red)
-only ~1/2 of C. are actually blue-green
-many range in color from brown to olive
green
-exist mostly as colonies and filaments,
sometimes as single cell
-produce gelatinous capsules to keep them
near the water surface (most sunlight)
-cells are prokaryotic but reveal a
considerable level of complexity
-actually, the entire photosynthetic cell is
comparable to a eukaryotic chloroplast
Beggiatoa
-named after the Italian medic and botanist F.S. Beggiato
-a genus of bacteria in the order Thiatrichales
-live in sulfur rich environments, marine or freshwater environments, with high
levels of hydrogen sulfide
-colorless cells
-disk-shaped or cylindrical, arranged in long filaments
-filaments are sourrounded by slime and can move by gliding
-cell diameter: 12-160mm
- a massive central vacuole is used for accumulation of nitrate
-can cause settling problems in sewage treatment plants, industrial waste lagoons
in canning, paper pulping, brewing, milling, causing the phenomenon called
"bulking"
-are also able to detoxify hydrogen sulfide in soil
-can grow chemoorgano-heterophically by oxidizing organic compunds to CO₂
in the presents of oxygen
-marine autotrophic Beggiatoa species are able to oxidize intracellular sulfur to
sulfate → a survive strategy to bridge periods without oxygen
Thiomargarita namibiensis
- name is formed from Greek θειον (theion) = sulfur, and Latin margarita = pearl.
→ a reference to the fact that the bacterium-chains have the appearance of a thin string pears; the species name namibiensis indicates its origin in Namibia
-gram-negative coccoid Proteo bacterium
-found in the ocean sediments of the cióntinental shelf of Namibia
-the largest bacterium ever dicovered
-generally 0.1-0.3 mm wide, but sometimes up to 0.75 mm
-discovered by Heide N. Schulz and others in 1977, in the coastal sediments of
Walvis Bay (Namibia)
-no other speciea in the genus of Thiomargarita
-the metbolism
make them
appear like
pearls
Thiomargarita namibiensis,
collecting nitrate and oxygen
in water above the bottom in
case of being resuspended and
collecting sulfide in the sediments
